In some cases, the hand board is referred to as the first edition. As the name suggests, it is a functional template for checking the rationality of product appearance or structure by making a small number of samples according to product appearance drawings and structure drawings before mass production. So which industries are users of hand board factories or hand board companies? Using the big data tool of the webmaster's house, we searched the keyword "hand board" and found that the industries with strong demand are automobile, household appliances, electrical appliances, toys, technology and so on. The commonly used methods for making hand boards and rapid tooling for these industries in China are: CNC processing, SLA, SLS, SLM, FDM, vacuum re molding, low-pressure pouring and sheet metal manufacturing. We will compare these hand board processing methods in terms of definition, materials used, software use, Machinable parts, advantages and disadvantages.

1. CNC加工

1. CNC processing

CNC加工是電腦數(shù)控機(jī)床，按編程好的程序通過(guò)控制刀路把一整塊板材切削而成，是目前在國(guó)內(nèi)應(yīng)用為廣泛的手板制作方法，操作方法復(fù)雜，需要操作人有豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。主要用于在塑膠與金屬板材的加工，可在市場(chǎng)上所有板材上進(jìn)行切割，是一種減材技術(shù)，只能加工出有一定弧度的圓角，而無(wú)法直接加工出內(nèi)直角，要通過(guò)線(xiàn)切割/打火花等工藝來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。

CNC machining is a computer numerical control machine tool, which cuts a whole plate by controlling the knife path according to the programmed program. It is a widely used hand board manufacturing method in China. The operation method is complex and requires the operator to have rich experience. It is mainly used for processing plastic and metal plates. It can be cut on all plates in the market. It is a material reduction technology. It can only process rounded corners with a certain radian, but can not directly process inner right angles. It should be realized by wire cutting / spark and other processes.

2.SLA

2.SLA

SLA即立體光固化成型法，3D打印技術(shù)的一種，所用材料類(lèi)多為樹(shù)脂，用特定波長(zhǎng)與強(qiáng)度的紫外線(xiàn)激光聚焦到光樹(shù)脂表面，使之層層固化，終層層疊加構(gòu)成一個(gè)三維實(shí)體。凡是3D打印均是一種增材技術(shù)，從0到1的過(guò)程。SLA是早出現(xiàn)的快速原型制造工藝，成熟度高，由CAD數(shù)字模型直接制成原型，加工速度快，產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)周期短，無(wú)需切削工具與模具，可以加工結(jié)構(gòu)外形復(fù)雜或使用傳統(tǒng)手段難于成型的原型和模具。SLA設(shè)備昂貴對(duì)工廠(chǎng)環(huán)境要求比較高，模具成型后強(qiáng)度，剛度，耐熱性有限，不利于長(zhǎng)時(shí)間保存。

SLA is a three-dimensional light curing molding method, a kind of 3D printing technology. Most of the materials used are resin. Ultraviolet laser with specific wavelength and intensity is focused on the surface of the light resin to cure it layer by layer, and the final layer is superimposed to form a three-dimensional entity. All 3D printing is an additive technology, a process from 0 to 1. SLA is an early rapid prototyping manufacturing process with high maturity. It is directly made into prototype by CAD digital model, with fast processing speed and short product production cycle. It can process prototypes and molds with complex structure and shape or difficult to be formed by traditional means without cutting tools and molds. SLA equipment is expensive and has high requirements for the factory environment. The strength, stiffness and heat resistance after mold forming are limited, which is not conducive to long-term storage.

3.SLS

3.SLS

SLS即選擇性激光熔融，3D打印技術(shù)一種，目前成熟的工藝材料為蠟粉及塑料粉。打印時(shí)激光束對(duì)平鋪的粉末進(jìn)行有選擇地?zé)Y(jié)，一層完成粉盒下降，再平鋪一層粉末激光燒結(jié)，全部燒結(jié)拿出粉盒去掉多余的粉末，就可以得到一燒結(jié)好的零件。SLS制作的手板模具強(qiáng)度高，韌性好，可用來(lái)制作軸承、齒輪、部件、電子部件，因不需支撐，材料的利用率高；但它的在手板加工過(guò)程中有污染；速度相對(duì)較慢。

SLS is a kind of selective laser melting and 3D printing technology. At present, the mature process materials are wax powder and plastic powder. During printing, the laser beam selectively sinters the tiled powder, one layer of powder box is lowered, and then one layer of powder is tiled for laser sintering. All the powders are sintered. Take out the powder box to remove the excess powder, and a sintered part can be obtained. SLS handboard mold has high strength and good toughness, and can be used to make bearings, gears, components and electronic components. Because it does not need support, the utilization rate of materials is high; But its is polluted in the process of handboard processing; The speed is relatively slow.

4.SLM

4.SLM

SLM即選區(qū)激光熔化成型技術(shù)，是目前金屬3D打印成型中普遍的技術(shù)，采用精細(xì)聚焦光斑快速熔化預(yù)置金屬粉末，直接獲得任意形狀以及具有完全冶金結(jié)合的零件，得到的制作致密度可達(dá)99以上。SLM制作手板模具的過(guò)程中，由于制件通常較復(fù)雜，需要打印支撐材料，制件完成后需要去除支撐，并對(duì)制件的表面進(jìn)行處理，所以制作時(shí)間會(huì)比較長(zhǎng)，成本較高。

SLM, namely selective laser melting forming technology, is a common technology in Metal 3D printing and forming. It uses fine focusing spot to quickly melt preset metal powder, directly obtain parts with arbitrary shape and complete metallurgical combination, and the manufacturing density can reach more than 99. In the process of SLM making hand mold, because the parts are usually complex and need to print support materials, the support needs to be removed and the surface of the parts needs to be treated after the parts are completed, so the manufacturing time will be long and the cost will be high.

5.FDM

5.FDM

FDM即熔積成型法，F(xiàn)DM的材料一般是熱塑性材料，如蠟、ABS、尼龍等，以絲狀供料。材料在噴頭內(nèi)被加熱熔化。噴頭沿零件截面輪廓和填充軌跡運(yùn)動(dòng)，同時(shí)將熔化的材料擠出，材料迅速凝固。并與周?chē)牟牧夏Y(jié)。FDM制作手板模具的過(guò)程中， 相對(duì)較低，材料無(wú)害，無(wú)模具費(fèi)，可以制作多種顏色，但是不能打印鏤空產(chǎn)品。

FDM is melt deposition molding method. The materials of FDM are generally thermoplastic materials, such as wax, ABS, nylon, etc., which are fed in filaments. The material is heated and melted in the nozzle. The nozzle moves along the part profile and filling track, extrudes the molten material at the same time, and the material solidifies rapidly. And condense with the surrounding materials. In the process of making hand mold, FDM has relatively low price, harmless materials and no mold cost. It can make a variety of colors, but it can not print hollow products.

FDM加工完的手板模具有較明顯條紋，成型精度相對(duì)較低，需要設(shè)計(jì)和制作支撐結(jié)構(gòu)，成型時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。

The handboard die processed by FDM has obvious stripes, the forming accuracy is relatively low, the supporting structure needs to be designed and manufactured, and the forming time is long.

6.真空復(fù)模

6. Vacuum compound mold

真空復(fù)模是利用產(chǎn)品原型（如：SLA或手板加工）在真空狀態(tài)下制作出硅膠模具，并在真空狀態(tài)下采用PU 材料進(jìn)行澆注，從而克隆出與產(chǎn)品原型相同的復(fù)制件。

Vacuum replica is to make silica gel mold under vacuum by using product prototype (such as SLA or hand plate processing), and pour it with PU material under vacuum, so as to clone the same replica as the product prototype.

真空覆膜是目前全世界使用普遍的手板復(fù)制技術(shù)；技術(shù)可應(yīng)用于改變產(chǎn)品原型的材質(zhì)、組裝樣機(jī)或進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品小批量生產(chǎn)等方面，以滿(mǎn)足產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程中的性能測(cè)試、市場(chǎng)推廣以及送檢、審批等需求；選用不同的PU材料，可以復(fù)制橡膠零件、透明零件、耐高溫零件等，普通PU 材料較脆、韌性及耐高溫都比較差。

Vacuum coating is a common hand board replication technology all over the world; The technology can be applied to change the material of product prototype, assemble prototype or carry out small batch production, so as to meet the needs of performance test, market promotion, inspection and approval in the process of product development; Different PU materials can be used to copy rubber parts, transparent parts, high temperature resistant parts, etc. ordinary PU materials are brittle, poor toughness and high temperature resistance.

7.低壓灌注

7. Low pressure perfusion

低壓灌注又名低壓反應(yīng)注射成型，是應(yīng)用于快速模制品生產(chǎn)的一項(xiàng)新工藝，它將雙組份聚氨酯材料經(jīng)混合后，在常溫、低壓環(huán)境下注入快速模具內(nèi)，通過(guò)材料的聚合、交聯(lián)、固化等化學(xué)和物理過(guò)程形成制品。低壓灌注生成手板模具具備效率高、生產(chǎn)周期短、過(guò)程簡(jiǎn)單、成本低的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，適用于產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程中的小批量試制，以及小批量生產(chǎn)的、結(jié)構(gòu)較簡(jiǎn)單的覆蓋件和大型厚壁及不均勻壁厚制品的生產(chǎn)。

Low pressure injection, also known as low pressure reaction injection molding, is a new process applied to the production of rapid molding products. After mixing the two-component polyurethane materials, it is injected into the rapid mold at room temperature and low pressure, and the products are formed through chemical and physical processes such as material polymerization, cross-linking and curing. The low-pressure pouring hand plate mold has the advantages of high efficiency, short production cycle, simple process and low cost. It is suitable for small batch trial production in the process of product development, as well as the production of small batch production, simple structure panels and large thick wall and uneven wall thickness products.

8.鈑金制作

8. Sheet metal fabrication

鈑金制作即對(duì)鋼板、鋁板、銅板等金屬板材進(jìn)行加工，包含激光切割、沖壓、折彎等，鈑金加工的原材料的顯著特性就是同一零件厚度一致。

Sheet metal manufacturing refers to the processing of metal plates such as steel plate, aluminum plate and copper plate, including laser cutting, stamping and bending. The remarkable characteristic of raw materials for sheet metal processing is that the thickness of the same part is the same.

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